TU BCA 4th Semester Board Questions (2023 Batch – 2026)

Mention that these questions are essential for exam preparation at Tribhuvan University for the 2023 Batch students.

Subject-wise Question Collection

Short Guide for Solve this Questions

1. Database Management System (CACS 255)

Group B (Attempt any SIX – 5 Marks Each)

• Transaction and ACID Properties: A transaction is a logical unit of database processing that includes one or more access operations.

  • Atomicity: All operations of a transaction are performed or none are.

  • Consistency: A transaction must take the database from one consistent state to another.

  • Isolation: Execution of a transaction should be independent of others.

  • Durability: Once committed, changes are permanent even if the system fails.

• Data Independence:

  • Physical: Ability to modify the physical schema without changing the conceptual schema.

  • Logical: Ability to change the conceptual schema without changing external schemas or application programs.

• Stored Procedures and Triggers: A stored procedure is a precompiled set of SQL statements.

  • Statement Level Trigger: Fires once for the entire SQL statement.

  • Multi-row Level Trigger: Fires once for each row affected by the statement.

• Schedule and Serializability: A schedule is a sequence of operations from multiple transactions. Serializability ensures that a concurrent schedule is equivalent to a serial one. It is tested using a precedence graph to check for cycles.

• Data Model: A collection of tools for describing data, relationships, and constraints. Types include Relational, Entity-Relationship, Hierarchical, and Network models.

• Query Processing Steps: Includes Parsing and Translation, Optimization, and Evaluation.

• Indexing: Essential for speeding up data retrieval. Dense Index has an entry for every search-key value in the data file, while a Sparse Index has entries for only some values.

Group C (Attempt any TWO – 10 Marks Each)

• Normalization: The process of organizing data to reduce redundancy.

  • Types: 1NF (Atomic values), 2NF (Remove partial dependencies), 3NF (Remove transitive dependencies)

• SQL Queries (Based on Schema) :

  • a) SELECT Gname FROM Guest WHERE Age > 20; (Example query based on provided snippet)

  • b) SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ASSISTS JOIN STAFF ON ASSISTS.Sid = STAFF.Sid WHERE Sname = 'Ram';.

  • c) SELECT Sname FROM STAFF WHERE Sname LIKE 'A%';.

2. Software Engineering (CACS 253)

Group B (5 Marks Each)

• System Engineering: The multidisciplinary approach to designing and managing complex systems over their life cycles.

• Software Testing: Black-box tests functionality without internal knowledge, while White-box tests internal logic and code structure.

• Validation and Maintenance: Validation ensures the software meets user needs. Maintenance types include Corrective, Adaptive, Perfective, and Preventive.

• Short Notes:

  • ISO 9000: International standards for quality management.

  • CASE Tools: Software for automating development activities.

     

Group C (10 Marks Each)

• Requirements Engineering: Main activities include Elicitation, Analysis, Specification (SRS), and Validation. A good SRS must be clear, complete, consistent, and verifiable.

• Agile and Extreme Programming (XP): Agile emphasizes iterative development and customer feedback. XP implements this through practices like pair programming, test-driven development, and continuous integration.

   

3. Operating System (CACS 251)

Group B (5 Marks Each)

• Monolithic vs. Microkernel: Monolithic kernels run all OS services in kernel space (faster but less stable), while Microkernels keep only essential services in kernel space (more stable but slower).

• Multithreading: Allows multiple threads within a process. Types include User-level and Kernel-level threads.

• Deadlock Conditions: Mutual Exclusion, Hold and Wait, No Preemption, and Circular Wait. Starvation is where a process is indefinitely delayed but not necessarily blocked by a cycle.

• Segmentation: A memory management scheme that divides memory into logical segments based on the programmer’s view.

Group C (10 Marks Each)

• Banker’s Algorithm: Used for deadlock avoidance by calculating a “safe state”.

  • Need Matrix: $Need = Max – Allocation$.

• Disk Scheduling: FCFS (First-Come, First-Served), SSTF (Shortest Seek Time First), and C-SCAN are algorithms used to manage the movement of the disk arm .

4. Numerical Methods (CACS 252)

Group B (5 Marks Each)

• Errors: Types include Round-off errors (limited precision) and Truncation errors (approximating an infinite process).

• Bisection Method: Finds a root of $f(x) = 0$ by repeatedly bisecting an interval $[a, b]$ where $f(a)$ and $f(b)$ have opposite signs.

• Gauss Jordan Method: Used to solve linear equations like $x+y+z=6$ by transforming the augmented matrix into a reduced row-echelon form .

Group C (10 Marks Each)

• Least Squares Method: Used to fit a straight line $y = ax + b$ by minimizing the sum of the squares of vertical deviations.

• Simpson’s 3/8 Rule: A numerical integration formula that approximates the area under a curve using cubic polynomials.

5. Scripting Language (CACS 254)

Group B (5 Marks Each)

• Ajax: Asynchronous JavaScript and XML allows updating parts of a web page without reloading the whole page.

• JS Functions: forEach() executes a function for each array element, while map() creates a new array with the results of a function.

• Session and Cookies: Cookies are stored on the client side; sessions are stored on the server side and can be linked using a session ID cookie.

• PHP Arrays: Types include Indexed (numeric keys), Associative (named keys), and Multidimensional (arrays within arrays).

  Group C (10 Marks Each)

• PHP OOP: Abstract Classes can have implemented methods, whereas Interfaces only define method signatures.

• Validation: Client-side (JS) provides instant feedback, while Server-side (PHP) is essential for security